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The long view: being taken hostage by extremism (beyond “solutions” & slogans) – La vue longue: pris en otage par l’extrémisme (au delà des “solutions” & des slogans).

From Slate:

The Middle East Friendship Chart

With overlapping civil wars in Syria and Iraq, a new flare-up of violence between Israel and the Palestinians, and tense nuclear talks with Iran, Middle Eastern politics are more volatile than ever and longtime alliances are shifting. Here’s a guide to who’s on whose side in the escalating chaos. Click on interactive cell to learn more information.SlateChartMiddleEast


(Ed: Amos Oz, the noted writer, is one of the founders of Peace Now/Shalom Achshav)

Oz: ‘Lose-lose situation for Israel’

TRADUCTION EN FRANÇAIS ci-dessous.

Israel’s ground offensive against Gaza is excessive, Israeli writer Amos Oz tells DW. But he also criticizes Hamas’ strategy, in which both Israeli and Palestinian victims boost the organization’s standing in Gaza.

Amoz Oz: I would like to begin the interview in a very unusal way: by presenting one or two questions to your readers and listeners. May I do that?

Deutsche Welle: Go ahead!

Question 1: What would you do if your neighbor across the street sits down on the balcony, puts his little boy on his lap and starts shooting machine gun fire into your nursery?

Question 2: What would you do if your neighbor across the street digs a tunnel from his nursery to your nursery in order to blow up your home or in order to kidnap your family?

With these two questions I pass the interview to you.

Of course now we are already in the middle in the interview. I take it that – just like in the case of the second Lebanon war in 2006 and the Gaza offensive in 2009 – you support the present Israeli offensive in the Gaza Strip?

No, I only support limited military response and not unlimited military response, as I did in 2006 and as I did later on in the previous fighting in Gaza.

Where do you draw the line?

Destroy the tunnels wherever they come from, and try to hit strictly Hamas targets and no other targets.

There seems to be a problem here. The tunnels are an elaborate system and difficult to find. The entries are hidden in public and private buildings, so you would have to do house-to-house searches – which implies a civilian toll. The same applies to destroying rocket launchers in civilian areas…

Well, I am afraid that there can be no way in the world to avoid civilian casualties among the Palestinians as long as the neighbor puts his child on the lap while shooting into your nursery.

Tunnel below Gaza. (Photo: EPA/JIM HOLLANDER) One aim of the Israeli offensive is to destroy the tunnels that allow weapons to get into and fighters to get out of Gaza

Is the analogy of the child on the lap really appropriate? Gaza is densely populated and Hamas positions are inevitably in civilian areas…

Yes – and this is Hamas’ strategy. This is why for Israel it is a lose-lose-situation. The more Israeli casualties, the better it is for Hamas. The more Palestinian civilian casualties, the better it is for Hamas.

Would you consider the present ground offensive to be limited or unlimited?

I think in some points it is excessive. I don’t have detailed information on what is actually happening on the ground, but to judge from some of the hits that the Israeli army caused in Gaza, I think at least in some points the military action is excessive – justified, but excessive.

So what is your suggestion?

My suggestion is to approach Abu Mazen [Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas – the ed.] and to accept the terms – which the whole world knows – for a two-state-solution and coexistence between Israel and the West Bank: Two capitals in Jerusalem, a mutually agreed territorial modification, removal of most of the Jewish settlements from the West Bank.

When Ramallah and Nablus on the West Bank live on in prosperity and freedom, I believe that the people in Gaza will sooner or later do to Hamas what the people of Romania did to Ceausescu. I do not know how long it will take, but it is destined to happen – simply because the people in Gaza will be very jealous of the freedom and prosperity enjoyed by their brothers and sisters on the West Bank in the state of Palestine. This in my view is the solution, although this solution cannot be implemented in 24 hours or 48 hours.

Can you imagine a Palestinian state that is not hostile toward Israel?

Absolutely. I believe the majority of the Palestinians are not in love with Israel, but they do accept with clenched teeth that the Israeli Jews are not going anywhere, just like the majority of Israeli Jews – unhappily and with clenched teeth – accept that the Palestinians are here to stay. This is a basis not for a honeymoon, but perhaps for a fair divorce just like the case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

But that conjures up the image of a Palestinian state with an economy in turmoil, a weak government that cannot rein in radical groups, and one that may use hostility toward Israel to stay in power.

This depends on how much support and material aid the new Palestinian state gets from Israel, from the wealthy Arab countries and from the rest of the world.

Many people argue that the two-state-solution is dead, given how far the building of settlements and roads in the West Bank has proceeded.

Well, I have seen some years ago Prime Minister Ariel Sharon remove all the Jewish settlements and the Jewish military from Gaza in about 36 hours and without bloodshed. I’m not suggesting that that will repeat itself in the West Bank so easily, but I believe that nothing in the world is irrevocable except death.

However, Israel’s right-wing government has a strong support base among the settlers.

It is a right-wing government leaning on a centrist and dovish Party called Yesh Atid. And it is in the hands of this centrist and relatively dovish party to decide the future of this right-wing government.

You have been talking about a long-term solution. But what could a short-term agreement look like?

The present hostilities will only stop, unfortunately, when one of the parties or both of them are exhausted. This morning I read very carefully the charter of Hamas. It says that the Prophet commands every Muslim to kill every Jew everywhere in the world. It quotes the Protocols of the Elders of Zion [anti-Semitic diatribe – the ed.] and says that the Jews controlled the world through the League of Nations and through the United Nations, that the Jews caused the two world wars and that the entire world is controlled by Jewish money. So I hardly see a prospect for a compromise between Israel and Hamas. I have been a man of compromise all my life. But even a man of compromise cannot approach Hamas and say: ‘Maybe we meet halfway and Israel only exists on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.’

Hamas is presently demanding that the blockade of the Gaza Strip be lifted…

I am absolutely for it. I think that the blockade should be removed. I think plenty of international, Arab and Israeli resources should be pumped into the Gaza strip in return for effective demilitarization. This is a proposal that Israel ought to make immediately.

Would that not send the signal that rocket attacks are a feasible means of exerting pressure?

Power station in Gaza on fire, with a young man standing in the foreground. (Photo: MAHMUD HAMS/AFP/Getty Images) Israel bombed the only power plant in Gaza

If the return is an effective demilitarization of the Gaza strip, I am sure at least 80 percent of the Israeli Jews will endorse such a deal – even in the present militant mood.

Are you among the 85 percent of Israelis who want the offensive to continue until the strategic goals of destroying the tunnels and rockets are reached?

The only alternative to continuing the Israeli military operation is simply to follow Jesus Christ and turn the other cheek. I never agreed with Jesus Christ about the need to turn the other cheek to an enemy. Unlike European pacifists I never believed the ultimate evil in the world is war. In my view the ultimate evil in the world is aggression, and the only way to repel aggression is unfortunately by force. That is where the difference lies between a European pacifist and an Israeli peacenik like myself. And if I may add a little anecdote: A relative of mine who survived the Nazi Holocaust in Theresienstadt always reminded her children and her grandchildren that her life was saved in 1945 not by peace demonstrators with placards and flowers but by Soviet soldiers and submachine guns.

What effect do the constant hostilities have on people?

A very bad effect. It increases the hatred, the bitterness, the suspicion, the mistrust. But this is the case with every war. It is a common sentimentalist assumption to hope that somehow the enemies will start understanding each other and liking each other and eventually they will reconcile and make peace. Throughout history things always work the other way round. Enemies with their hearts full of bitterness and hatred sign a peace contract with clenched teeth and revengeful feelings. Then, in the course of time, eventually there may come a gradual emotional de-escalation.

You wrote 50 years ago that “even an unavoidable occupation is a corrupting occupation.”

I do not always agree with myself, but here I still agree with myself. Occupation is corrupting, even if it is unavoidable. Brutality, chauvinism, narrow-mindedness, xenophobia are the usual syndromes of conflict and occupation. But the Israeli occupation of the West Bank is no longer unavoidable.

Had it not been you who started the interview I would have asked: How are you?

Well, personally I am not very well. I am just back from hospital after three surgeries and I am slowly recovering at home between one air raid siren and the next. During the air raid sirens we go to the shelter and wait there for a few moments and then try to continue our lives until the next alarm.

You were unable to take shelter in hospital…that seems terrifying.

No, it is not. I have lived a long life and I have been myself on the battlefield two times. So it is only terrifying when I think of my grandchildren.

How secure can Israelis feel?

How secure can Jewish people feel on this planet? I think not about the last 20 or 50 years but about the last 2,000 years. But I will tell you what my hope and prayer for the future of Israel is. I would like to see Israel removed once and for all from the front pages of all the newspapers in the world and instead conquer, occupy and build settlements in the literary, arts, music and architecture supplements. This is my dream for the future.

Amos Oz, born as Amos Klausner, is a renowned Israeli novelist, journalist and professor of literature. His works have been translated into 42 languages, including Arabic. Oz, who was born in Jerusalem, is an advocate of the two-state solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

An earlier version of this interview indicated that Amos Oz’ relative had been liberated by American soldiers. Mr. Oz later corrected himself, explaining that Soviet soldiers had been responsible.


(Ed: Yuval Diskin appears in the disturbing, Oscar-nominated, The Gatekeepers)

Ex-Israeli Security Chief Diskin: ‘All the Conditions Are There for an Explosion’

Interview Conducted by Julia Amalia Heyer

Photo Gallery: The Gaza Conflagration Photos
REUTERS

In an interview with SPIEGEL, Yuval Diskin, former director of Israel’s internal security service Shin Bet, speaks of the current clash between Israel and the Palestinians, what must be done to achieve peace and the lack of leadership in the Middle East.

SPIEGEL: Mr. Diskin, following 10 days of airstrikes, the Israeli army launched a ground invasion in the Gaza Strip last week. Why now? And what is the goal of the operation?

Diskin: Israel didn’t have any other choice than to increase the pressure, which explains the deployment of ground troops. All attempts at negotiation have failed thus far. The army is now trying to destroy the tunnels between Israel and the Gaza Strip with a kind of mini-invasion, also so that the government can show that it is doing something. Its voters have been increasingly vehement in demanding an invasion. The army hopes the invasion will finally force Hamas into a cease-fire. It is in equal parts action for the sake of action and aggressive posturing. They are saying: We aren’t operating in residential areas; we are just destroying the tunnel entrances. But that won’t, of course, change much in the disastrous situation. Rockets are stored in residential areas and shot from there as well.

SPIEGEL: You are saying that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has been pressured to act by the right?

Diskin: The good news for Israel is the fact that Netanyahu, Defense Minister Moshe Ya’alon and Army Chief of Staff Benny Gantz are not very adventurous. None of them really wanted to go in. None of them is really enthusiastic about reoccupying the Gaza Strip. Israel didn’t plan this operation at all. Israel was dragged into this crisis. We can only hope that it doesn’t go beyond this limited invasion and we won’t be forced to expand into the populated areas.

SPIEGEL: So what happens next?

Diskin: Israel is now an instrument in the hands of Hamas, not the opposite. Hamas doesn’t care if its population suffers under the attacks or not, because the population is suffering anyway. Hamas doesn’t really care about their own casualties either. They want to achieve something that will change the situation in Gaza. This is a really complicated situation for Israel. It would take one to two years to take over the Gaza Strip and get rid of the tunnels, the weapons depots and the ammunition stashes step-by-step. It would take time, but from the military point of view, it is possible. But then we would have 2 million people, most of them refugees, under our control and would be faced with criticism from the international community.

SPIEGEL: How strong is Hamas? How long can it continue to fire rockets?

Diskin: Unfortunately, we have failed in the past to deliver a debilitating blow against Hamas. During Operation Cast Led, in the winter of 2008-2009, we were close. In the last days of the operation, Hamas was very close to collapsing; many of them were shaving their faces. Now, the situation has changed to the benefit of the Islamists. They deepened the tunnels; they are more complex and tens of kilometers long. They succeeded in hiding the rockets and the people who launch the rockets. They can launch rockets almost any time that they want, as you can see.

SPIEGEL: Is Israel not essentially driving Palestinians into the arms of Hamas?

Diskin: It looks that way, yes. The people in the Gaza Strip have nothing to lose right now, just like Hamas. And this is the problem. As long as Mohammed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood was in power in Egypt, things were going great for Hamas. But then the Egyptian army took over and within just a few days, the new regime destroyed the tunnel economy between Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, which was crucial for Hamas. Since then, Hamas has been under immense pressure; it can’t even pay the salaries of its public officials.

SPIEGEL: All mediation attempts have failed. Who can stop this war?

Diskin: We saw with the most recent attempt at a cease-fire that Egypt, which is the natural mediator in the Gaza Strip, is not the same Egypt as before. On the contrary, the Egyptians are using their importance as a negotiator to humiliate Hamas. You can’t tell Hamas right now: “Look, first you need to full-stop everything and then we will talk in another 48 hours.”

SPIEGEL: What about Israel talking directly with Hamas?

Diskin: That won’t be possible. Really, only the Egyptians can credibly mediate. But they have to put a more generous offer on the table: the opening of the border crossing from Rafah into Egypt, for example. Israel must also make concessions and allow more freedom of movement.

SPIEGEL: Are those the reasons why Hamas provoked the current escalation?

Diskin: Hamas didn’t want this war at first either. But as things often are in the Middle East, things happened differently. It began with the kidnapping of three Israeli teenagers in the West Bank. From what I read and from what I know about how Hamas operates, I think that the Hamas political bureau was taken by surprise. It seems as though it was not coordinated or directed by them.

SPIEGEL: Netanyahu, though, claimed that it was and used it as a justification for the harsh measures against Hamas in the West Bank, measures that also targeted the joint Hamas-Fatah government.

Diskin: Following the kidnapping of the teenagers, Hamas immediately understood that they had a problem. As the army operation in the West Bank expanded, radicals in the Gaza Strip started launching rockets into Israel and the air force flew raids into Gaza. Hamas didn’t try to stop the rockets as they had in the past. Then there was the kidnapping and murder of the Palestinian boy in Jerusalem and this gave them more legitimacy to attack Israel themselves.

SPIEGEL: How should the government have reacted instead?

Diskin: It was a mistake by Netanyahu to attack the unity government between Hamas and Fatah under the leadership of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Israel should have been more sophisticated in the way it reacted. We should have supported the Palestinians because we want to make peace with everybody, not with just two-thirds or half of the Palestinians. An agreement with the unity government would have been more sophisticated than saying Abbas is a terrorist. But this unity government must accept all the conditions of the Middle East Quartet. They have to recognize Israel, renounce terrorism and recognize all earlier agreements between Israel and the Palestinians.

SPIEGEL: The possibility of a third Intifada has been mentioned repeatedly in recent days, triggered by the ongoing violence in the Gaza Strip.

Diskin: Nobody can predict an Intifada because they aren’t something that is planned. But I would warn against believing that the Palestinians are peaceful due to exhaustion from the occupation. They will never accept the status quo of the Israeli occupation. When people lose hope for an improvement of their situation, they radicalize. That is the nature of human beings. The Gaza Strip is the best example of that. All the conditions are there for an explosion. So many times in my life I was at these junctions that I can feel it almost in my fingertips.

SPIEGEL: Three of your sons are currently serving in the Israeli army. Are you worried about them?

Diskin: And a fourth is in the reserves! I am a very worried father, but that is part of it. I defended my country and they will have to do so too. But because real security can only be achieved through peace, Israel, despite its military strength, has to do everything it can in order to reach peace with its neighbors.

SPIEGEL: Not long ago, the most recent negotiations failed — once again.

Diskin: Yes, and it’s no wonder. We have a problem today that we didn’t have back in 1993 when the first Oslo Agreement was negotiated. At that time we had real leaders, and we don’t right now. Yitzhak Rabin was one of them. He knew that he would pay a price, but he still decided to move forward with negotiations with the Palestinians. We also had a leader on the Palestinian side in Yasser Arafat. It will be very hard to make peace with Abbas, but not because he doesn’t want it.

SPIEGEL: Why?

Diskin: Abbas, who I know well, is not a real leader, and neither is Netanyahu. Abbas is a good person in many respects; he is against terror and is brave enough to say so. Still, two non-leaders cannot make peace. Plus, the two don’t like each other; there is no trust between them.

SPIEGEL: US Secretary of State John Kerry sought to mediate between the two.

Diskin: Yes, but from the beginning, the so-called Kerry initiative was a joke. The only way to solve this conflict is a regional solution with the participation of Israel, the Palestinians, Jordan and Egypt. Support from countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and maybe Turkey would also be necessary. That is the only way to consider all the demands and solve all problems. And we need more time, at least five years — and more to implement it step-by-step.

SPIEGEL: Why isn’t Netanyahu working toward such a compromise, preferring instead to focus on the dangers presented by an Iranian nuclear bomb?

Diskin: I have always claimed that Iran is not Israel’s real problem. It is this conflict with the Palestinians, which has lasted way too long and which has just intensified yet again. The conflict is, in combination with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, the biggest security risk for the state of Israel. But Netanyahu has made the invocation of an existential threat from Iran into his mantra, it is almost messianic. And of course he has derived political profit from it. It is much easier to create consensus about the Iranian existential threat than about an agreement with the Palestinians. Because there, Netanyahu has a problem with his electorate.

SPIEGEL: You have warned that the settlements in the West Bank may soon become irreversible and that it will make the two-state solution impossible.

Diskin: We are currently very near this point of no return. The number of settlers is increasing and already a solution to this problem is almost impossible, from a purely logistical standpoint, even if the political will were there. And this government is building more than any government has built in the past.

SPIEGEL: Is a solution to the conflict even possible anymore?

Diskin: We have to go step-by-step; we need many small successes. We need commitment on the Palestinian side and the acceptance of the Middle East Quartet conditions. And Israel must freeze at once any settlement activity outside the big blocks of settlements. Otherwise, the only possibility is a single, shared state. And that is a very bad alternative.

SPIEGEL: Mohammed Abu Chidair, the teenager murdered by Israeli right-wing extremists, was recognized as being a victim of terror. Why hasn’t Israel’s security service Shin Bet been as forceful in addressing Israeli terror as it has with Arab terror?

Diskin: We invested lots of capabilities and means in order to take care of this issue, but we didn’t have much success. We don’t have the same tools for fighting Jewish extremism or even terrorists as we have when we are, for example, facing Palestinian extremists. For Palestinians in the occupied territories, military rule is applied whereas civilian law applies to settlers. The biggest problem, though, is bringing these people to trial and putting them in jail. Israeli courts are very strict with Shin Bet when the defendants are Jewish. Something really dramatic has to happen before officials are going to take on Jewish terror.

SPIEGEL: A lawmaker from the pro-settler party Jewish Home wrote that Israel’s enemy is “every single Palestinian.”

Diskin: The hate and this incitement were apparent even before this terrible murder. But then, the fact that it really happened, is unbelievable. It may sound like a paradox, but even in killing there are differences. You can shoot someone and hide his body under rocks, like the murderer of the three Jewish teenagers did. Or you can pour oil into the lungs and light him on fire, alive, as happened to Mohammed Abu Chidair…. I cannot even think of what these guys did. People like Naftali Bennett have created this atmosphere together with other extremist politicians and rabbis. They are acting irresponsibly; they are thinking only about their electorate and not in terms of the long-term effects on Israeli society — on the state as a whole.

SPIEGEL: Do you believe there is a danger of Israel becoming isolated?

Diskin: I am sorry to say it, but yes. I will never support sanctions on my country, but I think the government may bring this problem onto the country. We are losing legitimacy and the room to operate is no longer great, not even when danger looms.

SPIEGEL: Do you sometimes feel isolated with your view on the situation?

Diskin: There are plenty of people within Shin Bet, Mossad and the army who think like I do. But in another five years, we will be very lonely people. Because the number of religious Zionists in positions of political power and in the military is continually growing.

About Yuval Diskin
  • AP

    Yuval Diskin was the director of Israel’s internal security service Shin Bet between 2005 and 2011. In recent years, he has become an outspoken critic of the policies of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.


Une configuration perdant-perdant pour Israël

par Amos Oz, Denis Stutte

Interview d’Amos Oz par Denis Stutte pour DW

Trad. Michel Goldberg * pour LPM

Photo picture-alliance/ZB dans DW.

Deutsche Welle, le 30 juillet 2014

« “L’offensive terrestre d’Israël est excessive” a déclaré Amos Oz à la radio allemande Deutsche Welle. Il critique également la stratégie du Hamas, voulant que les victimes, tant israéliennes que palestiniennes, renforcent à Gaza le pouvoir de l’organisation. »

Interrogé quant à ses propositions actuelles, il précise : « Je propose de nous rapprocher d’Abu Mazen et d’accepter les termes d’un accord – que le monde entier connaît – pour une solution à deux États … », qui suppose « le retrait de la majorité des implantations… »

Et d’ajouter : « Lorsque Ramallah et Naplouse, en Cisjordanie, vivront dans la prospérité et la paix, je pense que le peuple de Gaza fera au Hamas ce que le peuple roumain a fait à Ceausescu. »

Amos Oz : M’autorisez-vous à commencer cette interview de façon atypique, en posant moi-même une ou deux questions à vos lecteurs et à vos auditeurs ?

Deutsche Welle : Allez-y !

Amos Oz : La question 1 : Que feriez-vous si votre voisin, de l’autre côté de la rue, assis à son balcon, prenait son petit garçon sur ses genoux et commençait à tirer à l’intérieur de la chambre de vos enfants ?

La question 2 : Que feriez-vous si ce même voisin creusait un tunnel entre la chambre de ses enfants et celle de vos enfants avec l’intention de faire exploser votre maison ou de kidnapper votre famille ?

Avec ces deux questions en tête, je vous laisse poursuivre l’interview.

DW : Évidemment, vous êtes déjà au cœur de l’interview. Dois-je comprendre que vous vous positionnez comme durant la seconde guerre du Liban en 2006 et celle de Gaza en 2009, en soutenant l’offensive israélienne actuelle dans la bande de Gaza ?

AO : Non, je suis partisan d’une réaction militaire limitée et non pas d’une réaction militaire illimitée, comme je l’ai été en 2006 et plus tard lors de la précédente bataille à Gaza.

DW : Où se situe la limite entre ces deux options ?

AO : Il importe de détruire tous les tunnels, où qu’ils soient, et d’essayer de frapper les cibles du Hamas en évitant les civils.

DW : Mais n’y a-t-il pas là un problème ? Les tunnels constituent un système complexe et difficile à détecter. Les entrées sont cachées dans des constructions privées et publiques, en sorte que vous devriez les rechercher maison par maison ; et cela impliquerait des pertes civiles. Le même raisonnement peut être tenu pour les lance-roquettes dans les zones habitées.

AO : Certes, j’ai bien peur qu’il n’y ait pas de méthode, quelle qu’elle soit, pour éviter les pertes civiles parmi les Palestiniens aussi longtemps que notre voisin, de l’autre côté de la rue, prend son petit garçon sur ses genoux et commence à tirer à l’intérieur de la chambre de vos enfants.

DW : L’analogie avec l’enfant sur les genoux est-elle appropriée à la situation réelle ? La population est très dense à Gaza et les positions du Hamas se trouvent inévitablement dans des zones habitées.

AO : Oui, c’est la stratégie du Hamas. C’est pourquoi on peut parler d’une configuration perdant-perdant pour Israël.

Plus il y aura de victimes israéliennes, mieux ce sera pour le Hamas. Plus il y aura de victimes palestiniennes, mieux ce sera pour le Hamas.

DW : Selon vous, l’offensive terrestre actuelle est-elle limitée ou illimitée ?

AO : Je pense qu’elle est excessive par certains aspects. Je n’ai pas d’information détaillée sur ce qui se passe sur le terrain actuellement, mais à en juger par les frappes faites par l’armée israélienne dans Gaza, je pense que l’on peut dire que l’action militaire est excessive par certains aspects. Elle est justifiée, mais elle est excessive.

DW : Que proposez-vous ?

AO : Je propose de nous rapprocher d’Abu Mazen [le président palestinien Mahmoud Abbas, ndt] et d’accepter les termes d’un accord – que le monde entier connaît – pour une solution à deux États et une coexistence entre Israël et la Cisjordanie : deux capitales à Jérusalem, un accord sur des modifications territoriales et le retrait de la majorité des implantations juives de Cisjordanie.

Lorsque Ramallah et Naplouse, en Cisjordanie, vivront dans la prospérité et la paix, je pense que le peuple de Gaza fera au Hamas ce que le peuple roumain a fait à Ceausescu. Je ne sais pas combien de temps cela prendra, mais cela adviendra, pour la simple raison que le peuple de Gaza sera jaloux de la liberté et de la prospérité de ses frères et sœurs en Cisjordanie, dans l’État de Palestine. Voilà, de mon point de vue, quelle est la solution, et j’ai bien conscience qu’elle n’adviendra pas sous 24 ou 48 heures.

DW : Pouvez-vous imaginer un État palestinien qui ne soit pas hostile à Israël ?

AO : Absolument. La majorité des Palestiniens ne tombera pas amoureuse d’Israël, mais ils accepteront, en serrant les mâchoires, que les Juifs israéliens restent ici, comme la majorité des Israéliens accepteront, sans joie et en serrant les mâchoires, que les Palestiniens sont ici pour y rester. Ce n’est certes pas une lune de miel, mais simplement un divorce équitable, comme cela s’est fait entre la Tchéquie et la Slovaquie.

DW : Mais cela ne cadre pas avec l’image d’un État palestinien avec une économie en grandes difficultés, un gouvernement faible sans pouvoir sur les groupes radicaux, et qui pourrait se servir de l’hostilité à Israël pour se maintenir au pouvoir.

AO : Cela dépendra de l’assistance et de l’aide en matériel que le nouvel État palestinien obtiendra d’Israël, des riches États arabes et du reste du monde.

DW : Beaucoup de gens pensent que la solution à deux États est morte parce que les constructions dans les implantations ainsi que les routes en Cisjordanie pénètrent profondément sur ce territoire.

AO : Oui, mais j’ai vu comment, il y a quelques années, le Premier ministre Ariel Sharon a défait toutes les implantations juives ainsi que tous les postes militaires de Gaza en 36 heures, et sans verser de sang. Je ne prétends pas que cette opération pourra se répéter de la même manière en Cisjordanie, mais je pense que rien n’est irrévocable sur terre, hormis la mort.

DW : Mais que faites-vous du soutien puissant des colons dont bénéficie l’actuel gouvernement de droite ?

AO : C’est un gouvernement de droite qui repose sur un parti centriste et colombe, le parti Yesh Atid. Et l’avenir de ce gouvernent de droite est entre les mains de ce parti centriste et plutôt pacifiste.

DW : Vous venez de nous présenter une solution à long terme. Mais à quoi pourrait ressembler un accord à court terme ?

AO : Les hostilités ne s’arrêteront, malheureusement, que lorsque l’une des parties, ou les deux, seront épuisées. Ce matin, je lisais soigneusement la Charte du Hamas. Elle nous dit que le Prophète ordonne à tout musulman de tuer tout juif, où qu’il se trouve. Il cite Les Protocoles des Sages de Sion et affirme que les juifs contrôlent le monde par leur emprise sur la Ligue des Nations, puis sur les Nations unies, que les juifs sont à l’origine des deux guerres mondiales, et aussi que les juifs contrôlent le monde entier grâce à leur argent.

Si je voyais péniblement se dessiner une perspective de compromis entre le Hamas et Israël, je serais un homme de compromis exceptionnel. Mais même un homme de compromis ne peut pas se rapprocher du Hamas et lui dire : « Faisons chacun la moitié du chemin, et Israël pourra exister les lundis, les mercredis et les vendredis. »

DW : Actuellement, le Hamas exige la levée du blocus de la bande de Gaza…

AO : Je suis absolument d’accord. Je pense que le blocus doit être levé. Je pense que d’immenses investissements internationaux, arabes et israéliens, doivent être faits dans la bande de Gaza, en échange d’une démilitarisation effective. C’est une proposition qu’Israël devrait faire sans délai.

DW : Cela ne signifierait-il pas que les attaques aux roquettes constituent un moyen efficace afin d’exercer une pression sur Israël ?

AO : Si la démilitarisation de Gaza est effective, je suis certain que 80% des Juifs israéliens accepteront un tel accord, même dans leur état d’esprit actuel.

DW : Faites-vous partie des 85% d’Israéliens qui veulent que l’offensive actuelle se poursuive jusqu’à la destruction totale des tunnels et des lance-roquettes ?

AO : La seule alternative à l’opération miliaire israélienne est de faire comme Jésus-Christ et de tendre l’autre joue. Je n’ai jamais été d’accord avec Jésus-Christ pour tendre l’autre joue à l’ennemi. Contrairement aux pacifistes européens, je n’ai jamais pensé que le pire ennemi dans le monde est la guerre. À mon sens, le pire ennemi est l’agression, et le seul moyen de repousser l’agression est malheureusement la force. C’est là que réside la différence entre un pacifiste européen et un Israélien qui veut la paix, comme moi.

Laissez-moi ajouter une anecdote : un proche parent qui a survécu au génocide nazi à Theresiendstadt en 1945 rappelait souvent à ses enfants et petits-enfants que sa vie n’avait pas été sauvée en 1945 par des pacifistes défilant avec des pancartes et des fleurs, mais par des soldats et des engins de guerre.

DW : Quels sont les effets de ces hostilités permanentes sur les gens ?

AO : Ils sont très mauvais. La haine, l’amertume, la suspicion, la méfiance augmentent. Mais c’est le cas pour toute guerre. Il est classique, et sentimental, d’espérer que les ennemis finiront par se comprendre, par s’aimer, et finalement par se réconcilier pour faire la paix. Mais dans l’histoire, les choses se passent pas comme cela. Les ennemis, avec leurs cœurs emplis de haine et d’amertume, finissent par signer un traité de paix en serrant les mâchoires et avec des sentiments de revanche. Ensuite, avec le temps, l’émotion s’émousse graduellement.

DW : Vous avez écrit il y a 50 ans qu’une « occupation, même si elle est inévitable, est une occupation qui corrompt ».

AO : Je ne suis pas toujours d’accord avec moi-même, mais ici, je suis d’accord. L’occupation corrompt, même lorsqu’elle est inévitable. La brutalité, le chauvinisme, l’esprit étroit, la xénophobie sont les symptômes classiques des conflits et de l’occupation. Cependant, l’occupation israélienne en Cisjordanie n’est plus inévitable.

DW : Si vous n’aviez pas commencé l’interview, je vous aurais demandé : comment allez-vous ?

AO : Personnellement, pas très bien. Je rentre juste de l’hôpital après trois opérations, et je reprends des forces à la maison, entre une sirène qui annonce une attaque aérienne et la suivante. Pendant les alertes, nous allons nous abriter et nous attendons quelques instants. Puis nous poursuivons le cours de nos vies jusqu’à l’alerte suivante.

DW : Vous n’aviez pas la possibilité de vous abriter pendant les alertes à l’hôpital… Cela semble terrifiant.

AO : Non. J’ai déjà vécu une longue vie, et j’ai moi-même été sur le champ de bataille à deux reprises. Cela ne devient terrifiant que lorsque je pense à mon petit-fils.

DW : Jusqu’à quel point les Israéliens peuvent-ils se sentir en sécurité ?

AO : Jusqu’à quel point les Juifs peuvent-ils se sentir en sécurité sur cette planète ? Je ne parle pas ici des vingt ou des cinquante dernières années, mais des 2000 dernières années. Je vais maintenant vous dire quels sont mon espoir et ma prière pour le futur d’Israël.

Je voudrais qu’une fois pour toutes, Israël n’apparaisse plus à la Une des journaux du monde entier à propos de conquête, d’occupation ou de construction d’implantation. Je voudrais qu’on parle d’Israël dans les suppléments consacrés à la littérature, à l’art, à la musique ou à l’architecture. Tel est mon rêve pour le futur.

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* Michel Goldberg est maître de conférences en biochimie, HDR, à l’université de La Rochelle.

Il a écrit L’antisémitisme en toute liberté, à paraître le 15 septembre avec une préface de Daniel Mesguich et une postface de Serge Klarsfeld aux éd. Au bord de l’eau, dans la coll. “Judaïsme” dirigée par Antoine Spire.

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